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Offline Marlin

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First Fifty Years of HP
« on: Sep 08, 2006, 08:10 »
The first airplane flew in 1900 at Kittyhawk, we are now building an international space station. Ionizing radiation technology is also about 100 years old and has also changed significantly. At the end of the list is a link to the source, Idaho University.

1895   November 8 - Discovery of X Rays----- W.K. Roentgen
1896   January 3 - X-Ray report made public
•   February - Discovery of Radioactivity -----H. Becquerel
•   March 3 - First reports of possible x-ray injury; damage to eyes -----T.A. Edison, W.J. Morton
•   March 14 - Concern expressed over possibility of x-ray injury -----F. Battelli
•   April 10 - Epilation noted from x-ray exposure -----J. Daniel
•   April 18 - Skin effects first noted -----L. G. Stevens
•   July - First x-ray protective device: a heavy glass plate to protect the eyes during dental radiography -----W.H. Rollins
•   Reports of accidental injury (burns) -----H.D. Hawks
•   November 18 - Deliberately induced experimental injury (burns) -----E. Thomson
•   Gold leaf electroscope used to make ionization measurements -----L. Benoist
1897   Air thermometer used to measure energy transfer by x-rays -----E. Dorn
1898   January - Aluminum filter used as protective device -----E. Thomson
•   May - Dark adaptation prior to fluoroscopy suggested -----F.H. Williams
•   July - Leaded x-ray tub housing; collimators -----W.H. Rollins
•   July - Word "radioactivity" coined -----P. & M. Curie
•   December - Radium discovered -----P. & M. Curie
•   Gamma rays discovered -----P. Villard
1899   April - Radiographer licensure recommended to protect public -----J. Dennis
•   May - Malpractice award for x-ray burns
•   Ozone hazard of x-ray generators noted
•   Listing of protective devices (gloves, aprons, etc.) in x-ray catalog -----R. Friedlander Co.
1900   Increased target to skin distance to reduce skin dose -----M.K. Kassabian
1901   January 3 - X-ray lethality to person alleged
•   Skin burn caused by radium carried on person -----H. Becquerel
•   X-ray lethality to mammals demonstrated experimentally -----W.H. Rollins
1902   X-ray lethality to mammalian fetus demonstrated -----W.H. Rollins
1903   Fractionation of exposure in fluoroscopy -----W.H. Rollins
•   Protection committee within ARRS proposed -----S.H. Monell
•   First direct reading radiation instrument; spinthariscope -----W. Crookes
1904   Ocotober - First death in x-ray pioneer attributed to cumulative overexposure -----C.M. Dally
1905   Radiation unit based on ionization first proposed -----M. Franklin
1906   Law of radiosensitivity of tissues put forth -----J. Bergonie & R. Tribondeau
1907   Mutation by x-ray reported in toads -----C.R. Bardeen
•   Photographic plate carried in pocket for monitoring x-ray exposure -----R.V. Wagner
•   Use of gas-filled tubes for detection of radiation -----E. Rutherford
1911   International radium standard and Curie unit -----M. Curie
1912   Half value layer concept -----T. Christan
1913   Hot cathode x-ray tubes and tungsten targets permitting higher voltages -----W.D. Coolidge
1915   British Roentgen Society adopts radiation protection recommendations
1920   First standing x-ray protection committee -----ARRS
1921   British X-Ray and Radium Protection Committee issues first memorandum
1922   American Roentgen Ray Society adopts radiation protection rules
•   Film badges for personnel monitoring -----G. Pfahler
1925   First "tolerance dose" proposed -----A. Mutscheller
1927   Genetic effects of x-rays shown -----H.J. Muller
•   First commercial U.S. ionization chamber -----J. Victoreen
1928   Roentgen unit formally adopted
•   International X-Ray and Radium Protection Committee formed (forerunner of ICRP)
1929      U.S. Advisory committee on X-Ray and Radium Protection formed (forerunner of NCRP)
•   First portable survey meter -----L.S. Taylor
1931   USACXRP publishes first recommendations - 0.2 R/day
1932   Concept of greater permissible dose for partial body irradiation (hands) introduced -----G. Failla
•   Discover of the neutron -----E. Chadwick
1934   ICXRP recommends permissible dose of 0.2 R/day
•   0.1 R/day (0.5 R/wk)
1935   Statement of the Bragg-Gray principle of cavity ionization -----L.H. Gray
1936   USACXRP recommends reduction in permissible dose to 0.1 R/day
1941   USACXRP recommends adoption of maximum body burden of 0.1 microCi for radium
•   Suggested maximum permissible dose of 0.02 R/day -----L.S. Taylor
1942-1945 Manhattan District
1943   4 R/wk shown to cause injury -----H.M. Parker
1944   Maximum permissible concentration for inhaled radioactivity introduced -----H.M. Parker
•   Rem and rep introduced -----H.M. Parker
1948   0.3 R/wk
1950   0.3 rem/wk



http://www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/50yrs.htm#top
« Last Edit: Sep 08, 2006, 08:12 by Marlin »

Offline Rennhack

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Re: First Fifty Years of HP
« Reply #1 on: Apr 05, 2012, 02:45 »
Marlin, you didn't have to post your resume online. ;)

 


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