Nuke News (Moderator: Marlin)

US nuclear investment expected to soar after DFC ban lifted

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,091

Jul 09, 2020, 12:55
by Marlin

Meet the Reactors Accelerating Us Toward Fusion Energy

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,925

Aug 15, 2016, 05:28
by thenuttyneutron

Nuclear Plants to Get $6 Billion Lifeline in Infrastructure Deal

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 782

Aug 03, 2021, 05:48
by Rennhack

Three Illinois Reactors to Shut if Clean Energy Bill Fails

Started by NukeWorkers News Bot

Replies: 1
Views: 2,123

May 13, 2016, 10:47
by Rennhack

4 more workers test positive for COVID-19 at Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,153

Nov 09, 2020, 02:34
by Mounder

Regulators to decide if Entergy customers should pay for $140M mistake

Started by Ksheed

Replies: 1
Views: 2,019

Aug 29, 2016, 04:32
by hamsamich

The Future Of Energy Isn't Fossil Fuels Or Renewables, It's Nuclear Fusion

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,535

Apr 17, 2017, 11:16
by Chimera

DOE Summit Raises Urgency of Preserving Existing Nuclear Plants

Started by NukeWorkers News Bot

Replies: 1
Views: 2,226

May 25, 2016, 10:41
by Rennhack

A Legacy of Contamination

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 972

Dec 15, 2020, 08:11
by nowhereman

Clinton stays open

Started by cklunny

Replies: 1
Views: 2,612

Nov 23, 2016, 04:07
by hamsamich

US President rejects request for uranium import quota

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,548

Jul 19, 2019, 08:47
by Mounder

All future foreign atomic reactors to be 1200 MWs and above

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,871

Feb 13, 2017, 11:48
by SloGlo

Georgia Public Service Commission balks at speeding up review of Plant Vogtle

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,221

Aug 21, 2020, 07:28
by fiveeleven

General Atomics, Framatome join for fuel channel work

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,105

Feb 22, 2020, 10:26
by Mounder

US, Europe risk falling behind as China nuclear industry expands

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 903

Sep 09, 2021, 07:01
by GLW

fore nukes two shutdown in 2021

Started by SloGlo

Replies: 1
Views: 1,067

Sep 03, 2020, 07:42
by scotoma

Viewpoint: Mind your (nuclear) language

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,056

Mar 14, 2020, 08:42
by scotoma

DOE funding propels US towards first advanced fuel factory by 2023

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,282

Feb 27, 2019, 08:50
by Mounder

nuke vodka, knot at a store near yew

Started by SloGlo

Replies: 1
Views: 1,659

Aug 10, 2019, 08:28
by scotoma

Independent auditors recommend financial support for Illinois plants

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 956

Apr 20, 2021, 04:19
by Marlin

Coronavirus expands foothold at Georgia Power’s Vogtle nuclear project

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,407

Apr 15, 2020, 11:29
by Marlin

Trump’s crucial decision on nuclear power

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 7,549

Sep 07, 2019, 11:22
by Mounder

Bellefonte Nuclear Power Plant Trial Begins

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,112

May 18, 2021, 11:39
by Marlin

If only we had a clean safe energy source

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,124

Sep 14, 2020, 02:41
by Mounder

Can California Cut Its Carbon Without Nuclear? Doubtful

Started by NukeWorkers News Team

Replies: 1
Views: 1,819

Jul 03, 2016, 08:59
by GLW

US FY2022 budget request includes record for nuclear energy

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 822

Jun 02, 2021, 01:43
by RDTroja

WIPP Nuclear Waste Repository Reopens For Business

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 2,020

Jan 14, 2017, 02:25
by Mounder

MIT Breaks a World Record For Nuclear Fusion

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,856

Oct 19, 2016, 12:07
by Marlin

Alevo, The Other Energy Storage Gigafactory

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 2,208

May 12, 2016, 10:13
by Ksheed

New Nuke Transporting Tractor Trailer Tested

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,054

Oct 21, 2020, 10:13
by GLW

Viewpoint: Pandemic underscores nuclear’s role in sustainable development

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,092

Jun 02, 2020, 07:57
by fiveeleven

Site contaminated with uranium partially collapses into Detroit River

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,513

Dec 07, 2019, 10:11
by Mounder

Robots come to the rescue after Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 958

Jul 12, 2021, 11:27
by Bonds 25

Radiation slows corrosion

Started by peteshonkwiler

Replies: 1
Views: 1,080

Jul 10, 2020, 10:56
by Marlin

Mothers for Nuclear urge understanding of nuclear as safe, clean energy

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,141

Jan 02, 2020, 02:32
by Mounder

Nuclear plant owners expand search for rescue to more states

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,757

Apr 10, 2017, 09:44
by Mounder

Earth To Mars In 100 Days? The Power Of Nuclear Rockets

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,481

Jun 29, 2019, 02:33
by GLW

Oldest nuclear power station in Spain could operate until 2031

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,774

Jan 31, 2017, 07:23
by Rennhack

UAE issues operating licence for Arab world's first nuclear plant

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,028

Feb 17, 2020, 11:59
by Marlin

RESEARCHERS’ DISCOVERY COULD AID IN DETECTING NUCLEAR THREATS

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,869

May 01, 2017, 02:09
by UncaBuffalo

Bombing Hiroshima changed the world, but it didn't end WWII

Started by Ksheed

Replies: 1
Views: 2,205

May 26, 2016, 01:31
by Marlin

Worth Their Weight in Salt, Molten Reactors Hold Huge Potential

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 726

Jan 11, 2021, 04:04
by Mounder

Oil major Chevron invests in nuclear fusion startup Zap Energy

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,105

Aug 13, 2020, 11:04
by Marlin

High-power SYLOS laser could 'transmute' nuclear waste

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,620

Aug 10, 2019, 11:02
by Mounder

Lynchburg’s BWXT wins $690M contract extension

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 889

Apr 07, 2021, 12:27
by Mounder

duane arnold closes early

Started by SloGlo

Replies: 1
Views: 1,208

Aug 25, 2020, 07:48
by RDTroja

The BIG Potential for Nuclear Microreactors

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,016

Mar 03, 2020, 12:46
by Marlin

Judge Clears Way for SoCal Edison Plan for San Onofre Nuclear Plant

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,386

Sep 23, 2021, 01:59
by hamsamich

Nuclear Power Could Win Big In U.S. Elections

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,061

Sep 05, 2020, 11:49
by hamsamich

Cold fusion: Science's most controversial technology is back

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 2,044

Sep 16, 2016, 12:39
by Marlin

It’s Official: Lights Out for Fort Calhoun

Started by NukeWorkers News Team

Replies: 1
Views: 2,158

Jun 18, 2016, 07:21
by tagline

Governor signs bill pulling plug on public vote for nuclear power

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 980

May 14, 2021, 09:20
by Mounder

TVA nuclear employees offered voluntary staff reduction option

Started by Ksheed

Replies: 1
Views: 2,594

Jul 03, 2016, 08:20
by Red Gold

Six years after Fukushima, much of Japan has lost faith in nuclear power

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,836

Mar 10, 2017, 02:13
by Bonds 25

moon radiologically safe four exploration

Started by SloGlo

Replies: 1
Views: 1,104

Sep 27, 2020, 02:28
by RFaunt

New Rules for Nuclear Plant Workers: 12-Hour Days for Two Weeks Straight

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,338

Apr 21, 2020, 11:16
by Bonds 25

CPUC Reconsiders San Onofre Settlement

Started by Ksheed

Replies: 1
Views: 1,893

May 11, 2016, 12:26
by Chimera

Savannah River Remediation completes 32-million-gallon waste tank

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,908

Jan 22, 2017, 03:39
by hamsamich

Most Plant Vogtle workers infected by coronavirus have recovered

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,406

May 28, 2020, 08:12
by peteshonkwiler

Transatomic Releases Details of New Reactor Design

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 2,097

Jul 20, 2016, 05:25
by RFaunt

Oklo has a plan to make tiny nuclear reactors that run off nuclear waste

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 877

Jun 29, 2021, 08:00
by SloGlo

Possible Plutonium Breach At New Mexico's Los Alamos National Laboratory

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,096

Jul 10, 2020, 07:56
by Mounder

Is Nuclear Power Worth the Risk?

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,440

Dec 25, 2019, 12:02
by TVA

Westinghouse Bankruptcy: The End of Nuclear Power?

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,659

Apr 05, 2017, 03:06
by SloGlo

Senate Passes Pro-Nuclear Appropriations Bill

Started by NukeWorkers News Bot

Replies: 1
Views: 2,249

May 15, 2016, 10:17
by GLW

There’s No Argument Against Nuclear Power

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,834

Jan 26, 2017, 03:08
by SloGlo

Stainless steel may not be the best choice for storing nuclear waste

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,315

Feb 10, 2020, 09:46
by Mounder

Could Hawaii get its clean energy from nuclear?

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 896

Aug 17, 2021, 03:32
by hamsamich

Two Exelon Nuclear Plants Don't Clear Capacity Auction, Closure Possible

Started by Ksheed

Replies: 1
Views: 2,558

May 25, 2016, 03:24
by retired nuke

This German Amusement Park Is Inside A Nuclear Power Plant

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 891

Dec 28, 2020, 08:02
by RDTroja

SONGS releasing rad effluents today

Started by peteshonkwiler

Replies: 1
Views: 1,288

Jul 25, 2020, 02:32
by Marlin

Molten Salt Reactors Article

Started by Ksheed

Replies: 1
Views: 2,081

Jun 01, 2016, 08:04
by Marlin

Pentagon extends contract options for nuclear microreactor prototype

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 885

Mar 24, 2021, 02:16
by Marlin

US to Build $1.6B Idaho Facility for Warships' Nuclear Waste

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 2,260

Dec 17, 2016, 06:41
by GLW

A New Fusion Technique Is Promising, But Won't Be Ready in 'Five Years'

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,203

Feb 25, 2020, 11:50
by GLW

Illinois plants to continue operating as energy bill is passed

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,100

Sep 15, 2021, 02:11
by hamsamich

Work starts on WIPP's biggest ventilation shaft

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 996

Sep 04, 2020, 07:56
by Mounder

Energy Harbor Corp Rescinds Deactivation Notice for Nuclear Generating Plant

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,113

Mar 16, 2020, 10:19
by Marlin

San Diego judge dismisses U.S. sailors' Fukushima radiation lawsuits

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,267

Mar 06, 2019, 08:15
by Mounder

Russian doctor has trace of radiation after explosion

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,548

Aug 26, 2019, 05:25
by Mounder

US: Nuclear waste tank in Washington state may be leaking

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 986

Apr 30, 2021, 02:14
by Mounder

DOE: Plummeting clean energy costs accelerating renewable 'revolution'

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,872

Oct 05, 2016, 03:40
by SloGlo

With TMI closed, nuclear advocates’ concern shifts to Pa.’s other plants

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,768

Sep 29, 2019, 09:33
by SloGlo

WHITE HOUSE McCarthy: Nuclear energy isn't going anywhere

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 953

May 24, 2021, 08:45
by Mounder

Harry Reid’s retirement may revive Yucca Mountain nuclear waste storage plan

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,981

Jan 05, 2017, 11:52
by tagline

NEI’s Fertel Says Nuclear Energy’s Future Is Bright

Started by NukeWorkers News Team

Replies: 1
Views: 2,352

Jul 12, 2016, 10:14
by GLW

Tech advances make drones a must-have for nuclear operators

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,027

Jun 19, 2021, 11:24
by RFaunt

Texas Governor Urges Trump to Oppose Nuclear Waste Plans

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 890

Oct 05, 2020, 08:16
by Mounder

Small reactors feasible in Puerto Rico, study concludes

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,098

May 21, 2020, 12:10
by Marlin

US DOE changes waste interpretation

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,957

Jun 09, 2019, 11:27
by Mounder

A microreactor at every rest stop?

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,084

Oct 27, 2020, 11:42
by peteshonkwiler

Russia’s New Super Weapons May Be Cause Of Radiation Leak

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,157

Jul 03, 2020, 12:20
by Marlin

Omaha VA hospital is officially out of the nuke business

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 2,162

Aug 08, 2016, 08:47
by Rennhack

Radioactive steel mill cleanup in Lockport expected to cost $206M

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,164

Jul 19, 2021, 10:24
by Mounder

Inside Exelon's last-minute push to save its nukes and remake the Illinois power

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 2,401

Nov 19, 2016, 03:20
by hamsamich

GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy and TerraPower Announce Collaboration

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,106

Jan 22, 2020, 11:53
by Marlin

WIPP waste shipments resume

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,821

Apr 11, 2017, 03:42
by ez56tay@yahoo.com

The Latest: US senators look to end nuclear waste stalemate

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,725

Jul 01, 2019, 08:58
by Mounder

Nuclear Power is growing in the gulf

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 2,111

Feb 01, 2017, 09:18
by SloGlo

Companies join forces to create 'top-tier' ISL miner

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 956

Sep 08, 2021, 12:16
by Marlin

Variable Annual License Fees For Smaller Reactors - If They're Light Water

Started by Ksheed

Replies: 1
Views: 1,994

May 26, 2016, 01:22
by Marlin

On Anti-Nuclear Bullshit

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 867

Mar 16, 2021, 01:33
by Mounder

Uranium Week: Biden Condemns Trump’s Nuclear Plans

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,107

Aug 18, 2020, 08:35
by Mounder

Solar Power Plant Can’t Figure Out How to Stop Frying Birds

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,852

Sep 05, 2016, 11:28
by GLW

one-quarter to two-thirds of U.S. nuclear reactors still at-risk of closure

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,956

Dec 31, 2016, 11:38
by hamsamich

The Largest Submarine In The World Could Get Eclipsed

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,481

Mar 09, 2020, 03:00
by GLW

Critics Roast the Army’s Battlefield Nuclear Reactor

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,393

Feb 27, 2019, 06:59
by RDTroja

Illinois Power Plant Closings Reveal Worldwide Nuclear Issues

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 2,127

Jun 12, 2016, 07:27
by Bonds 25

German Mine Repurposed to Store Nuclear Waste

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,713

Feb 17, 2017, 01:32
by SloGlo

Chernobyl radiation levels spike as forest fires rage

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,101

Apr 06, 2020, 10:18
by GLW

Powerful Shot Against Believers In "No Safe Dose" Of Radiation

Started by Ksheed

Replies: 1
Views: 2,041

Jun 20, 2016, 03:15
by Marlin

Left-wing activists demand Democrats exclude nuclear

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,385

May 15, 2021, 02:44
by RDTroja

ill two get tough

Started by SloGlo

Replies: 1
Views: 1,013

Sep 14, 2020, 07:23
by SloGlo

Ukraine opens Chernobyl's infamous reactor four control room to tourists

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,548

Oct 04, 2019, 01:38
by GLW

Radioactive Boars in Fukushima Thwart Residents’ Plans to Return Home

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,796

Mar 10, 2017, 01:59
by Bonds 25

DOE still plans to begin open air demolition of Main Plant at West Valley

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,287

Sep 29, 2020, 07:42
by Mounder

Indian Point's impending partial closure already straining finances

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,654

Apr 30, 2020, 06:05
by TVA

Ohio House approves nuclear subsidies bill, also covering 2 coal plants

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,583

May 31, 2019, 12:01
by Mounder

NRC approves Yucca Mountain roadmap

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 907

Oct 19, 2020, 08:01
by Mounder

Nuclear Power? Are Renewables Enough?

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,103

Jun 01, 2020, 07:01
by hamsamich

What Will Trump’s Nuclear Energy Policy Look Like?

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 2,735

Jul 21, 2016, 04:18
by SloGlo

Radioactive wild boar-pig hybrid emerges in nuclear wasteland of Fukushima

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 979

Jul 01, 2021, 11:30
by RDTroja

Windmills or Reactor Cores? Inside South Africa’s Energy Clash

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 2,268

Nov 25, 2016, 09:15
by rlbinc

U.S. tests ways to sweep space clean of radiation after nuclear attack

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,243

Dec 27, 2019, 02:53
by Mounder

Ohio lawmakers introduce bill to support FirstEnergy's nuclear plants

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,937

Apr 07, 2017, 01:22
by SloGlo

Ohio Senate nuke subsidy bill drops clean air pretense

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,385

Jun 28, 2019, 06:26
by tagline

Battle Brewing About California’s Role in Diablo Canyon Nuclear Plant Retirement

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 948

Dec 02, 2020, 06:25
by hamsamich

US cleanup mission set for big advances in 2020

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,281

Feb 08, 2020, 05:06
by Mounder

The battle for the future of nuclear energy

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,837

Apr 23, 2017, 10:20
by Mounder

The Fusioneers Forget cars, these guys build nuclear reactors in their back yard

Started by Ksheed

Replies: 1
Views: 2,058

May 26, 2016, 01:39
by Marlin

Haddon Township High School evacuated after student brings uranium-glazed plate

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 725

Jan 11, 2021, 11:03
by Mounder

ROBOTIC LASERSNAKE DESTROY A NUCLEAR POWER CELL

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,948

Dec 05, 2016, 10:41
by SloGlo

Renewable energy versus nuclear: dispelling the myths

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,930

Jun 01, 2016, 06:26
by Bonds 25

New Mexico files lawsuit to block Holtec nuclear waste facility,

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 861

Mar 30, 2021, 02:50
by Mounder

AECOM, EnergySolutions win bid to decommission San Onofre nuclear plant

Started by Rennhack

Replies: 1
Views: 2,218

Dec 22, 2016, 05:56
by peteshonkwiler

About 400 workers tied to nuclear plant in Blair to be fired

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 2,420

Sep 11, 2016, 11:15
by Rennhack

This Chinese Nuclear Plant's Success Is Critical to Westinghouse's Future

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,443

Apr 28, 2017, 12:21
by HeavyD

Nuclear industry leaders discuss game-changing issues

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,101

Sep 04, 2020, 09:01
by fiveeleven

Oklo submits first advanced reactor license application in US

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,100

Mar 18, 2020, 02:22
by Marlin

What's In The Air? Local 12 Investigates Fernald

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,546

Mar 09, 2019, 09:12
by Mounder

Pilgrim sale completed after regulatory approval

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 2,134

Aug 28, 2019, 08:47
by scotoma

Y-12 to revitalize facilities, reduce mercury contamination with new plan

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,946

Feb 25, 2017, 10:03
by Mounder

Iowa wind farm generates more tax credits than electricity

Started by Ksheed

Replies: 1
Views: 2,130

Oct 11, 2016, 12:05
by Chimera

The world's first floating nuclear power plant

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,414

Sep 27, 2019, 07:38
by hamsamich

A Guide to the Debate Over Closing Nuclear Plants

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,900

Mar 31, 2017, 02:27
by UncaBuffalo

Nuclear Power In Washington State Continues To Break Records

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,926

Jan 08, 2017, 01:35
by Bonds 25

Stable Pu

Started by peteshonkwiler

Replies: 1
Views: 1,258

Oct 22, 2019, 06:23
by RDTroja

The Yucca Mountain nuclear waste dump, a political hot potato, is back

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 1,519

Mar 17, 2017, 05:25
by Mounder

The Hawk’s Nest Tunnel Tragedy

Started by Marlin

Replies: 1
Views: 2,312

Jan 19, 2017, 07:26
by hamsamich

Fort Calhoun is now officially offline

Started by Nuclear NASCAR

Replies: 1
Views: 2,270

Oct 26, 2016, 03:09
by Ksheed